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Around 70% of international trade by value is carried by sea. Among all the sea cargoes, 52% in dollar terms are shipped in containers. Containers are transported on liner shipping services at sea that can be equated with bus services in urban transportation. This presentation will first introduce the background of container liner shipping and some basic container shipping models in the literature. After that, four aspects of the existing models will be examined. First, is it necessary to formulate integer numbers of containers, multi-type containers, empty container repositioning, ship repositioning, and allow slot-purchasing in tactical-level planning models? Second, is it significant to model the inventory costs of containers in liner shipping network design? Third, what values of inventory costs of containers should be adopted in liner planning models from the perspective of shipping lines? Fourth, how can shipping lines and port operators collaborate to improve the overall performance? The works in the presentation deviate from conventional research methodologies that optimize decisions based on parameters that are (sometimes assumed) known. The four works provide some hints of: how to check whether some simplifications of the reality in mathematical models is acceptable; how to model a factor that is significant but too difficult to formulate; how to estimate the value of a parameter; and how changing the values some parameters that seem to be fixed provides new insights.

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